The Mind Makes Just Five Kinds of Waves — Name Yours and It Settles

Patanjali names the five whirls in one tight line: pramana, viparyaya, vikalpa, nidra, smriti. Stripped of Sanskrit, they are wonderfully ordinary.

Pramana is right knowing — you see correctly, you reason soundly, a trusted source tells you something true. Viparyaya is wrong knowing — you see a rope and feel a snake; the knowing is false, but inside it feels exactly as certain as the true kind. Vikalpa is the play of words with nothing behind them — 'what will people say,' a feared future, a whole imagined conversation that never happened. Nidra is sleep, the ripple of no-thing, the mind's own blankness. And smriti is memory — the past floating back up, uninvited.

Now the line that should stop you. Look at the very first one. Even pramana — being right, knowing correctly — is listed as a vritti. A wave. A movement of the water. Patanjali is not saying correct knowledge is bad; he is saying something subtler and more freeing: peace is not the prize for collecting enough right answers. Right knowing is still the mind moving. The deep rest he points to is not a fuller mind. It is a settled one.

The first myth is that yoga here means an empty mind — sit long enough and all thought stops. But two of the five whirls, sleep and memory, are simply part of being human; you cannot and should not delete them. The aim was never a blank mind. It was a mind you watch instead of one that drives you blindfolded.

The second is that the vrittis are enemies to be crushed. Patanjali himself splits them gently into two kinds — the ones that bind you and the ones that don't. The same memory can warm you or torture you; the same imagination can plan a kindness or spin a panic. A whirl is not the problem. Drowning in it, mistaking the wave for the whole ocean — that is the problem.

The third, and most useful, is the assumption that wrong knowing announces itself. It doesn't. Viparyaya, the false whirl, feels from the inside precisely like truth — that is the entire danger. The rope feels like a snake until the light comes on. So the practice is not to trust every certainty that rises, but to pause and ask: is this what's here, or just the wave I'm caught in?

Of the five, two do most of the damage in an ordinary life, and they are worth knowing by name. The first is viparyaya, misreading. Most of our arguments, grudges and heartbreaks are not built on what actually happened — they are built on what we were sure it meant. A short reply 'meant' she's angry. A missed call 'meant' he doesn't care. We then react, often for days, to a snake that was only ever a rope. We are not fighting the event; we are fighting our misread of it.

The second is vikalpa, the whirl of pure imagination — words and pictures with no fact under them at all. This is the engine of most anxiety. 'What if I'm fired.' 'What will everyone think.' 'It will all go wrong.' None of it is happening. It is a film the mind screens, and then trembles at, as if the screen were the street.

Here is the practical gift in all of this. The moment you can quietly name the whirl — 'this is a misread,' 'this is just imagination,' 'this is an old memory' — its grip loosens on its own. You don't have to win a fight with the wave. Naming it returns you to the bank, where you can simply watch it pass.

So why does any of this matter beyond a tidy list of five? Because it quietly rearranges who you take yourself to be. As long as you are fused with the ripples, every wave is a crisis and you are at the mercy of the weather. But the very act of naming a whirl — stepping back to say 'ah, memory,' 'ah, imagination' — proves something you keep forgetting: you are not the wave. You are the one who can see it. In that small gap between the ripple and the watching, all freedom lives.

Across the Gita, Arjuna blurts out the same complaint we all feel — the mind is restless, stubborn, hard to hold, like trying to grip the wind. The answer the tradition gives is not 'kill it.' It is closer to: stop identifying with every gust. Let it blow; you are the sky it blows through.

You don't need a cave or years of silence to begin. The next time you feel thrown, try one quiet question before you react: which of the five is this — am I knowing, misreading, imagining, half-asleep, or remembering? You won't always answer correctly. But the asking itself moves you, just slightly, from being the storm to being the still water that holds it. And that small shift, repeated, is the whole journey.